1 总则
1 General Provisions
本规程适用于碳钢、合金钢、低温钢及奥氏体不锈钢、超级双相钢工件的热处理。
This regulation applies to the heat treatment of carbon steel, alloy steel, low-temperature steel, austenitic stainless steel, and super duplex steel workpieces.
2 热处理操作工的岗位责任制
Job responsibility system for heat treatment operators
2.1 准备阶段
2.1 Preparation Stage
2.1.1 操作工接受生产任务后，核对工艺卡上的工件名称、规格、材质、数量与实物是否相符。
2.1.1 After accepting the production task, the operator checks whether the workpiece name, specifications, material, and quantity on the process card match the actual product.
2.1.2 准备好热处理用的工夹具，根据工艺卡上的要求核对热处理工艺规程能够。
Prepare the fixtures for heat treatment and verify the heat treatment process specifications according to the requirements on the process card.
2.1.3 按工艺规程调整和校准炉温。
Adjust and calibrate the furnace temperature according to the process specifications.
2.2 操作阶段
2.2 Operation Stage
2.2.1 严格按图纸、工艺、标准进行生产，做好工艺参数的控制和记录。经常检验控温仪表的运转情况和观察炉温的变化情况。
2.2.1 Strictly follow the drawings, processes, and standards for production, and control and record the process parameters. Regularly inspect the operation of temperature control instruments and observe changes in furnace temperature.
2.2.2 文明操作，操作过程中要防止因疏忽大意而损伤工件或损坏设备，防止发生人为事故。
2.2.2 Civilized operation: During the operation process, it is necessary to prevent damage to the workpiece or equipment due to negligence, and to prevent human accidents from occurring.
2.2.3 安排好操作程序，注意工作衔接，防止各种辅助材料的浪费。
2.2.3 Arrange the operating procedures, pay attention to work coordination, and prevent waste of various auxiliary materials.
2.3 结束阶段
2.3 End Stage
2.3.1 将完成的工件合理摆放，逐件标识、并随工艺卡流转。
2.3.1 Reasonably place the completed workpieces, label them one by one, and circulate them with the process card.
2.3.2 用过的工夹具清洗干净，送到指定地点保存。
2.3.2 Clean the used fixtures and send them to the designated location for storage.
2.3.3 清理设备和现场。
2.3.3 Cleaning equipment and site.
3 热处理的操作
3. Operation of heat treatment
3.1 加热过程中突然断电或温度控制失灵，都容易造成质量事故，所以在开炉前由电气和仪表人员对设备进行全面检查，确认无故障隐患，方可开炉工作。
3.1.During the heating process, sudden power outages or temperature control failures can easily cause quality accidents. Therefore, before starting the furnace, electrical and instrumentation personnel should conduct a comprehensive inspection of the equipment to confirm that there are no hidden faults before starting the furnace.
3.2 开炉
将控温仪表温度给定指针拨到工作温度，并将电控制柜上的电源开关扳到“自动” 位置上然后给电热元件送电，再打开仪表开关，炉子开始升温。开炉后要时刻监视炉子 的工作情况，通电一段时间后，如发现仪表温度指针仍停留在原来位置，要及早切断电源，查找故障原因。
3.2 Furnace opening
Set the temperature pointer of the temperature control instrument to the working temperature, and turn the power switch on the electrical control cabinet to the "automatic" position to supply power to the electric heating element. Then turn on the instrument switch, and the furnace starts to heat up. After starting the furnace, the working condition of the furnace should be monitored at all times. If the temperature pointer of the instrument remains in its original position after being powered on for a period of time, the
power should be cut off as soon as possible to find the cause of the fault.
3.3 装炉
工件的装炉量，在炉内的放置方式要合理。装炉温度要控制在工作温度下，工件装炉前要先断开电源，工件直接码放在炉底盘上，工件装炉完毕后再送电。
3.3 Furnace Loading
The amount of workpieces loaded into the furnace and their placement inside the furnace should be reasonable. The furnace loading temperature should be controlled at the working temperature. Before loading the workpiece into the furnace, the power supply should be disconnected, and the workpiece should be directly stacked on the furnace chassis. After the workpiece is loaded into the furnace, power can be supplied.
3.4 保温和出炉
工件最重要的参数就是保温温度和保温时间，保温时间从炉温到保温温度时计算，这二 个参数必须符合工艺规定。保温结束后，按热处理的工艺方法规定直接出炉冷却或随炉冷却到某一温度后出炉冷却。工件出炉前要确认电源开关已被切断方可出炉。
3.4 Insulation and baking
The most important parameters of the workpiece are the insulation temperature and insulation time. The insulation time is calculated from the furnace temperature to the insulation temperature, and these two parameters must comply with the process regulations. After the insulation is completed, it can be cooled directly out of the furnace according to the heat treatment process, or cooled out of the furnace after reaching a certain temperature. Before the workpiece is taken out of the furnace, it must be confirmed that the power switch has been turned off.
3.5 每炉热处理，由操作者填写“关键工序操作记录”,内容为：规格、数量、材质、热处理方式，入炉温度、加热温度，冷却方式。
3.5 For each heat treatment, the operator shall fill in the "Key Process Operation Record", which includes specifications, quantity, material, heat treatment method, furnace temperature, heating temperature, and cooling method.
4 热处理工艺规范的选用规则
Selection rules for heat treatment process specifications
4.1 工件的使用材料
不同化学成份的材料，相变点温度不同，而相变点温度是决定加热温度的主要依据，所以材料不同，加热规范也不同。
4.1 Materials used for workpieces
Materials with different chemical compositions have different phase transition temperatures, which are the main basis for determining the heating temperature. Therefore, heating standards vary depending on the material.
4.2 工艺方法
即使同一材料，热处理方法不同，加热温度也不同。
4.2 Process Method
Even for the same material, different heat treatment methods result in different heating temperatures.
4.3 加热设备不同，热处理温度就不同。
4.3 Different heating equipment results in different heat treatment temperatures.
4.4 工件的形状和尺寸
4.4 Shape and Size of Workpiece
大尺寸工件加热温度偏高，工件形状复杂加热温度要偏低。
The heating temperature of large-sized workpieces is too high, and the heating temperature of workpieces with complex shapes should be too low.
4.5 形状复杂而且密，加热时间就长，反之加热时间就短。
If the shape is complex and dense, the heating time will be long, otherwise the heating time will be short.
5 热处理工艺方法
5 Heat treatment process methods
5.1 正火处理
5.1 Normalization treatment
5.1.1 加热温度：正火处理加热温度为AC3 或 Acm+(30-50℃)常用钢的正火温度见 附表。当工件尺寸较大时，选用温度上限，工件形状复杂，要求变形小时，选用温度下限，用箱式电阻炉选用温度上限。
5.1.1 Heating temperature: The heating temperature for normalizing treatment is AC3 or Acm+(30-50 ℃). The normalizing temperature for commonly used steel is shown in the attached table. When the size of the workpiece is large, the upper temperature limit is selected. If the shape of the workpiece is complex and requires small deformation, the lower temperature limit is selected, and the upper temperature limit is selected for the box type resistance furnace.
5.1.2 加热时间：加热时间指升温时间和保温时间的总和，工件的升温时间受多 种原因的影响，用中频加热升温时间较快，用电阻炉加热升温时间较慢。保温时间是从 炉温达到工作温度时开始计算。工件的总加热时间不能少于30min 。在正常情况下，工件的保温时间按下列计算：
5.1.2 Heating time: Heating time refers to the sum of heating time and holding time. The heating time of the workpiece is affected by various reasons, with medium frequency heating having a faster heating time and resistance furnace heating having a slower heating time. The insulation time is calculated from the moment the furnace temperature reaches the working temperature. The total heating time of the workpiece cannot be less than 30 minutes. Under normal circumstances, the insulation time of the workpiece is calculated as follows:
T=(1-2)δ T—保温时间 (holding time) δ—工件的有效厚度(Effective thickness of the workpiece)
a) 对大型工件装炉量大时，保温时间适当延长。
a) When loading a large amount of large workpieces into the furnace, the insulation time should be appropriately extended.
b) 对于碳素钢保温时间取下限，对合金钢保温时间取上限。
b) For carbon steel insulation time, a lower limit is set, and for alloy steel insulation time, an upper limit is set.
c) 最短保温时间为20min。
c) The shortest insulation time is 20 minutes.
5.1.3 冷却方式
正火处理最常用的冷却方式为空冷，即正火加热保温后，出炉在静止空气中冷却至室温。
5.1.3 Cooling method
The most commonly used cooling method for normalizing treatment is air cooling, which means that after normalizing and heating for insulation, the furnace is cooled to room temperature in still air.
5.2 退火处理
5.2 Annealing treatment
5.2.1 加热温度：常用钢号的退火加热温度见附表。在选择时，对于大尺寸工件，装炉量大，要求退火硬度偏低时，选用上限加热温度，反之选择下限加热温度。
5.2.1 Heating Temperature: The annealing heating temperature for commonly used steel grades is shown in the attached table. When selecting, for large-sized workpieces with large furnace loading and low annealing hardness requirements, the upper limit heating temperature should be selected, otherwise the lower limit heating temperature should be selected.
5.2.2 加热时间：退火加热时间取决于工件的装炉量和加热方法。 一般保温时间
5.2.2 Heating time: The annealing heating time depends on the furnace load and heating method of the workpiece. General insulation time
Select according to the following formula:
按下式选择：
T=(1.5-3)8≥30min T—保温时间 8—工件的有效厚度
T=(1.5-3) 8 ≥ 30min T - insulation time 8- effective thickness of the workpiece
a) 对工件尺寸较大适用上限，且适当延长保温时间。
a) The upper limit is applicable for larger workpiece sizes, and the insulation time should be appropriately extended.
b) 对碳素钢保温时间取下限，合金钢时间取上限。
b) Set a lower limit for the insulation time of carbon steel and an upper limit for the insulation time of alloy steel.
5.2.3 冷却方式
退火加热后，采用随炉冷却，炉温达到以400℃以下时出炉空冷。
5.2.3 Cooling method
After annealing and heating, it is cooled in the furnace. When the furnace temperature reaches below 400 ℃, it is air cooled out of the furnace.
5.3 回火处理
5.3.1 加热温度
常用钢号的回火温度按附表选择。
5.3.2 加热时间
回火时间从工件入炉后达到工作温度时算起， 一般为1-3小时，对于小型工件可取
下限。对于精度要求高、尺寸稳定的取上限。
5.3.3 冷却方式
回火冷却方式采用空冷至室温。
5.4 固溶处理
对奥氏体不锈钢采用固溶处理。将工件加热到1050-1150℃,保温时间为3min/mm。 然后在水中急冷。
5.5 稳定化处理
稳定化处理指含钛或铌的奥氏体不锈钢，在固溶处理之后，重新加热到815-870℃,保温2-4小时空冷。
5.3 Tempering treatment
5.3.1 Heating temperature
The tempering temperature of commonly used steel grades shall be selected according to the attached table.
5.3.2 Heating time
The tempering time is usually 1-3 hours from the time the workpiece reaches the working temperature after entering the furnace, and can be taken for small workpieces
Lower limit. For those with high precision requirements and stable dimensions, the upper limit should be taken.
5.3.3 Cooling method
The tempering cooling method adopts air cooling to room temperature.
5.4 Solid solution treatment
Adopt solution treatment for austenitic stainless steel. Heat the workpiece to 1050-1150 ℃ with a holding time of 3min/mm. Then rapidly cool it in water.
5.5 Stabilization treatment
Stabilization treatment refers to the process of reheating austenitic stainless steel containing titanium or niobium to 815-870 ℃ after solution treatment, and then air cooling after 2-4 hours of insulation.
6 热处理设备的维护和保养
箱式电阻炉由炉门、炉壳、电热元件和炉底等组成。炉底一般用耐火砖(内层)和保温砖(外层)砌成。由炉门和炉衬圈起来的空间叫炉膛，工件则安放在炉膛内进行加热。
6 Maintenance and upkeep of heat treatment equipment
A box type resistance furnace consists of a furnace door, furnace shell, electric heating elements, and furnace bottom. The furnace bottom is generally made of refractory bricks (inner layer) and insulation bricks (outer layer). The space enclosed by the furnace door and lining is called the furnace, and the workpiece is placed inside the furnace for heating.
6.1 烘炉
新安装的炉子，长期停产未用的炉子和经过大修砌筑的炉子，使用前应按规定方法进行通电烘炉，以去除炉砖中的水分。
6.1 Oven drying
Newly installed furnaces, furnaces that have been shut down for a long time and have not been used, and furnaces that have undergone major repairs and masonry should be electrified and baked according to the prescribed method before use to remove moisture from the furnace bricks.
6.2 校温
校温就是在空载条件下将炉子升温至常用工件温度，用标准仪表测出炉膛内的实际 温度(常称为炉温),同时记下控制仪表的指示温度(常称为表温),以掌握控温仪表的温 度测量误差。其误差值(常称为修正值)用炉温减去表温表示。因此，表温等于炉温减修正值。为了保证加工质量，必须对控温仪表进行定期机校检，或根据需要限时校温。
6.2 School Temperature
Temperature calibration is the process of raising the temperature of a furnace to the temperature of a commonly used workpiece under no-load conditions. The actual temperature inside the furnace is measured using a standard instrument (often referred to as furnace temperature), and the indicated temperature of the control instrument (often referred to as gauge temperature) is recorded to grasp the temperature measurement error of the temperature control instrument. The error value (often referred to as the correction value) is expressed by subtracting the table temperature from the furnace temperature. Therefore, the table temperature is equal to the furnace temperature minus the correction value. In order to ensure processing quality, it is necessary to conduct regular machine calibration of temperature control instruments, or limit temperature calibration as needed.
6.3 机构润滑
6.3 Institutional lubrication
炉门是通过套简单机构来起闭的，使用中需注意保持清洁和润滑。
The furnace door is opened and closed by a simple mechanism, and attention should be paid to keeping it clean and lubricated during use.
6.4 其它保持工作场地和设备清洁干净。炉内氧化皮要经常清理。 操作注意事项
6.4 Keep the workplace and equipment clean and tidy. The oxide scale inside the furnace should be cleaned regularly. Precautions for operation
7.1 装出炉用的工具要彻底擦去油迹，以免使用中滑脱出手。
7.1 The tools used for loading and unloading the furnace should be thoroughly wiped off any oil stains to prevent slipping during use.
7.2 处理易滚动工件时，炉膛内应放置简单可靠的防滚装置，出炉时格外小心。
When handling workpieces that are prone to rolling, a simple and reliable anti rolling device should be placed inside the furnace, and extra care should be taken when exiting the furnace.
7.3 操作过程中要穿戴好防护用品，以防止碰伤和灼伤。
During the operation, protective equipment should be worn to prevent collision and burns.
7.4 检修和清理设备时必须切断电源开关，并悬挂醒目的警告牌。
7.4 When repairing and cleaning equipment, the power switch must be turned off and a conspicuous warning sign must be hung.
7.5 避免水、酸等液体接近控制柜，更不能用湿布擦拭电器。
7.5 Avoid liquids such as water and acid from approaching the control cabinet, and do not wipe electrical appliances with a damp cloth.